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Carcharodontosaurus
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Carcharodontosaurus was a gigantic
carnivorous carcharodonto- saurid dinosaur that lived around 98
to 93 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Period. Carcharodontosaurus
was a carnivore, with enormous jaws and long, serrated teeth up
to eight inches long. Paleontologists once thought that Carcharodontosaurus
had the longest skull of any of the theropod dinosaurs.
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Carnotaurus  |
Carnotaurus ("Meat-bull",
referring to its distinct bull-like horns was a large predatory
dinosaur, with horns vaguely resembling a bull's. Only one species,
Carnotaurus sastrei has been described so far. Carnotaurus
lived in Patagonia, Argentina during the Maastrichtian stage of
the Late Cretaceous, and was discovered by José F. Bonaparte,
who has uncovered many other South American dinosaurs. Carnotaurus
was a medium-sized theropod, about 9.0 m (30 ft) in length, 3
m tall at the hips, and weighing about 1,600 kg (1.76 tons). The
most distinctive features of Carnotaurus are the two
thick horns above the eyes, and the extremely reduced forelimbs
with four fingers. It is also characterized by its unusually long
neck (compared to other theropods), and its small head with box-shaped
jaws. It had a small skull, a thick chest, and a thin tail. The
eyes of Carnotaurus faced forward, which is unusual in
a dinosaur, and may indicate binocular vision and depth perception.
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Caudipteryx
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Caudipteryx ("Tail feather")
is a genus of peacock-sized theropod dinosaurs that lived in the
Barremian age of the early Cretaceous Period (about 127 million
years ago). They were feathered and remarkably birdlike in their
overall appearance. Caudipteryx, like many other maniraptorans,
has an interesting mix of reptile- and bird-like anatomical features.
Caudipteryx had a short, boxy skull with a beak-like
snout that retained only a few tapered teeth in the front of the
upper jaw. It had a stout trunk, long legs and was probably a
swift runner. On the hands it had symmetrical, pennaceous, feathers
that had vanes and barbs, and that measured between 15–20
centimeters (6–8 inches).
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Ceratosaurus
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Ceratosaurus ("Horned lizard")
was a fairly typical theropod, with a large head, short forelimbs,
robust hind legs, and a long tail. Ceratosaurus is from
the Late Jurassic Period and is found in the Morrison Formation
of North America, in Tanzania and Portugal. It was characterized
by large jaws with blade-like teeth, a large, blade-like horn
on the snout and a pair hornlets over the eyes. The forelimbs
were powerfully built but very short. A row of small osteoderms
was present down the middle of the back. The type specimen was
an individual about 17.5 feet (5.3 m) long; it is not clear whether
this animal was fully grown. It has been estimated that the maximum
length of Ceratosaurus was 20 feet (6 m). A particularly
large Ceratosaurus specimen from the Cleveland-Lloyd
Quarry, discovered in the mid-1960s, may have been up to 30 feet
(8.8 m) long.
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Chirostenotes |
Chirostenotes ("Narrow-handed")
was an oviraptorosaur from the late Cretaceous (80 million years
ago) of Alberta, Canada. It was characterized by a beak, long
arms ending in powerful claws, long, slender toes and a tall,
rounded cassowary-like crest or casque. Chirostenotes
was probably an omnivore or herbivore. In life, the animal was
about 9.5 feet (2.9 m) long and 3 feet (0.91 m) tall at the hips.
It had an estimated weight of about 110 pounds. It probably ate
small reptiles and mammals, as well as plants, eggs and insects.
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Coelophysis |
Coelophysis ("Hollow form") is one
of the earliest known genera of dinosaur. It was a small, carnivorous
biped from North America. It first appeared in the Late Triassic
period, around 215 million years ago.
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Coelurus |
Coelurus is a genus of coelurosaur
dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period (mid-late Kimmeridgian
faunal stage, 153–150 million years ago). It was not a large
dinosaur. Its weight has been estimated at around 13 to 20 kilograms
(29 to 44 lb), with a length of about 2.4 meters (7.9 ft) and
a hip height of 0.7 meters (2.3 ft). From reconstructions of the
skeleton, Coelurus had a relatively long neck and torso
due to its long vertebrae, a long slender hindlimb due to its
long metatarsus, and potentially a small slender skull.
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Compsognathus |
Compsognathus ("Elegant jaw")
was a small, bipedal, carnivorous theropod dinosaur. The animal
was the size of a turkey and lived around 150 million years ago,
the early Tithonian stage of the late Jurassic Period, in what
is now Europe. For decades, Compsognathus was famed as
the smallest dinosaur known; the specimens collected were around
1 meter (3 ft) in length. However, dinosaurs discovered later,
such as Caenagnathasia, Microraptor and Parvicursor,
were even smaller. Compsognathus is estimated to have
weighed around 3 kg (6.5 lb). Compsognathus was a small,
bipedal animal with long hind legs and a longer tail, which it
used for balance during locomotion. The forelimbs were smaller
than the hindlimbs and featured three digits equipped with solid
claws suited for grasping prey. Its delicate skull was narrow
and long, with a tapered snout. The skull had five pairs of fenestrae
(skull openings), the largest of which was for the orbit (eye
socket). The eyes were large in proportion to the rest of the
skull.
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Conchoraptor  |
Conchoraptor ("Conch thief")
was an oviraptorid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of
what is now Asia. Conchoraptor was a small dinosaur, of only 1-2
meters (4-6 feet) in length. Unlike many other oviraptorids, Conchoraptor
lacked a head crest, although it did lack teeth, a typical oviraptorid
characteristic. Its name reflects the hypothesis that oviraptorids,
rather than preying primarily upon eggs as had been traditionally
thought, may have been specialized to feed on mollusks.
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Cryolophosaurus |
Cryolophosaurus ("Cold crest
lizard") was a large theropod dinosaur, with a bizarre crest
on its head that looked like a Spanish comb. Due to the resemblance
of this feature to Elvis Presley's pompadour haircut from the
1950s, this dinosaur was at one point informally known as "Elvisaurus".
Cryolophosaurus was excavated from Antarctica's Early
Jurassic Hanson Formation (former the upper Falla Formation) by
paleontologist Dr. William Hammer in 1991. It is the first carnivorous
dinosaur to be discovered in Antarctica and the first dinosaur
of any kind from the continent to be officially named. Dating
from the Early Jurassic Period, it was originally described as
the earliest known tetanuran, though subsequent studies have found
that it is probably more closely related to the dilophosaurs.
Cryolophosaurus was about 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) long,
which is significantly smaller than the largest Allosaurus,
which reached up to 12 meters (40 feet) in length. A high, narrow
skull was discovered, 65 centimeters (25 inches) long. The peculiar
nasal crest runs just over the eyes, where it rises up perpendicular
to the skull and fans out. It is furrowed, giving it a comb-like
appearance. It is an extension of the skull bones, near the tear
ducts, fused on either side to horns which rise from the eye sockets
(orbital horns). While other theropods like the Monolophosaurus
have crests, they usually run along the skull instead of across
it.
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Daspletosaurus |
Daspletosaurus ("Frightful lizard")
is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western
North America between 80 and 73 million years ago, during the
Late Cretaceous Period. Fossils of the only named species (D.
torosus) were found in Alberta, although other possible species
from Alberta, Montana and New Mexico await description. Including
these undescribed species, Daspletosaurus is the most
species-rich genus of tyrannosaur.
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Deinonychus |
Deinonychus ("Terrible claw")
was a genus of carnivorous dromaeosaurid dinosaur. There is one
described species, Deinonychus antirrhopus. This 3.4
meter (11 ft) long dinosaur lived during the early Cretaceous
Period (Aptian - Albian stages of the cloverly Formation, about
115 million years ago). Fossils have been recovered from the U.S.
states of Montana, Wyoming and Oklahoma, though teeth that may
belong to Deinonychus have been found much farther east
in Maryland.
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Deltadromeus |
Deltadromeus ("Delta runner")
is a genus of theropod dinosaur from Northern Africa. This carnivore
had long, unusually slender hind limbs for its size, suggesting
that it was a swift runner. It lived in the late Cretaceous Period,
about 95 million years ago. It may have been one of the longest
carnivorous dinosaurs, with one unpublished survey indicating
that a referred partial specimen could represent an individual
that was around 13.3 meters (44 ft) long, though it would have
weighed only an estimated 3.5 tons, making it more slender than
the giant carnosaurs. The more complete holotype specimen measured
an estimated 8.1 m (26.5 ft) long.
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Dilong  |
Dilong ("Emperor dragon")
is a genus of small, tyrannosauroid dinosaur. The only species
is Dilong paradoxus. It is from the Lower Cretaceous
Yixian Formation near Lujiatun, Beipiao, in the western Liaoning
province of China. It lived about 130 million years ago. It was
described by Xu Xing and colleagues in 2004. Dilong paradoxus
is one of the earliest and most primitive known tyrannosauroids
and had a covering of simple feathers or protofeathers, and scales.
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Dilophosaurus |
Dilophosaurus was a theropod dinosaur
from the Early Jurassic Period. The name means "two-crested
lizard", because the animal had two crests. Dilophosaurus
measured around six meters (20 ft) long and may have weighed half
a ton. The most distinctive characteristic of Dilophosaurus
is the pair of rounded crests on its skull, possibly used for
display.
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Dromaeosaurus
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Dromaeosaurus ("Running lizard")
was a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous
period (Campanian), about 76 - 72 million years ago, in the western
United States and Alberta, Canada. Dromaeosaurus was
a small carnivore, the size of a wolf, about 1.8 m (6 ft) in length
and 15 kg (33 lb) in weight. Its mouth was full of sharp teeth
and a sharp "sickle claw" on each foot. Although only
a few bones are known from the hindlimb, they indicate that Dromaeosaurus
was a powerfully built animal. The presence of feathers in closely
related animals makes it extremely likely that it was feathered
as well. Dromaeosaurus had remarkably large eyes and
excellent vision. It also probably had a good sense of smell and
hearing. Its neck was curved flexible and its jaws were solidly
built. The tail was flexible at the base but sheathed in a lattice
of bony rods; this allowed it to be carried in a sharply upturned
position.
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Dromiceiomimus
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Dromiceiomimus ("Emu mimic")
was a swift bipedal dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period,
about 80 million to 65 million years ago. It was about 3.5 meters
(12 ft) long and weighed about 100 to 150 kilograms (220 to 330
lb). Its femur (thigh bone) was 46.8 centimetres (18.4 in) long.
This ornithomimid (a bird-like theropod) had very long limbs,
hollow bones, and a large brain and eyes. It had a toothless,
beaked mouth, and weak jaws. The brains of ornithomimids were
large for dinosaurs, but this may not necessarily be a sign of
greater intelligence; some paleontologists think that the enlarged
portions of the brain were dedicated to kinesthetic coordination.
Compared to other ornithomimosaurs Dromiceiomimus had
a short back, long slender forearms, very large eye sockets, and
pelvic bones that were arranged somewhat differently.
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Elaphrosaurus
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Elaphrosaurus (meaning "Lightweight
lizard") is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur from
the late Jurassic of Tanzania, 145 mya. Elaphrosaurus
was probably a ceratosaur about 6 meters (20 ft) long. What is
known about Elaphrosaurus mostly comes from a single
nearly complete skeleton. No skull has been found. It was long
and slender, with a long neck, possibly for digging into carrion.
It was about 6.2 meters (20 ft) long, 1.46 meters (4.79 ft) tall
at the hip, and weighed about 210 kilograms (460 lb). The tibia
(shin bone) of Elaphrosaurus was considerably longer
than its femur (thigh bone), which indicates that it could probably
run very fast.
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Eoraptor
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Eoraptor was one of the world's earliest
dinosaurs. It was a two-legged meat-eater that lived between 230
and 225 million years ago, in what is now the northwestern region
of Argentina. It had a thin body that grew to about 1 meter (3
ft) in length, with an estimated weight of about 10 kilograms
(22 lb). It ran digitigrade, upright on its hind legs. Its fore
limbs were only half the length of its hind limbs and it had five
digits on each "hand". Three of those digits, the longest
of the five, ended in large claws and were presumably used to
handle prey. Scientists have surmised that the fourth and fifth
digits were too tiny to be of any use in hunting. Eoraptor
probably ate mostly small animals. It was a swift sprinter and,
upon catching its prey, it would use claws and teeth to tear the
prey apart. However, it had both carnivore-type and herbivore-type
teeth, so it could possibly have been omnivorous. Paleontologists
believe the Eoraptor resembles the common ancestor of
all dinosaurs. It is known from several well-preserved skeletons.
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Eotyrannus
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Eotyrannus ("Dawn tyrant")
was a genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur hailing from the
Early Cretaceous Wessex Formation beds, included in Wealden Group,
located in the southwest coast of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom.
Eotyrannus is a 6 meter-long theropod which has the following
tyrannosauroid characters: serrated premaxillary teeth with a
D cross section, proportionally elongate tibiae and metatarsals.
Primitive characters for Tyrannosauroidea are the elongate neck
vertebrae and the long, well-developed arms forelimbs along with
the undecorated dorsal surface of the skull, unlike the more advanced
tyrannosaurids. However this animal, proportionally, has one of
the longest hands in Theropoda known to date.
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Eustreptospondylus |
Eustreptospondylus ("Well-curved
vertebra") was a genus of megalosaurid dinosaurs from the
Callovian stage of the Middle Jurassic period (164.7-161.2 million
years ago) in southern England, at a time when Europe was a series
of scattered islands. The only known specimen of Eustreptospondylus
may not be fully grown, and was about 4.63 metres (15.2 ft) long.
It was carnivorous, bipedal and had a stiffened tail. It was a
typical theropod, with powerful hind limbs, erect posture and
small forelimbs.
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Fukuiraptor |
Fukuiraptor was a medium-sized carnivore
of the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) that lived in what is now
Japan. Scientists first thought it was a member of the Dromaeosauridae,
but after studying the fossils they now believe it was related
to Allosaurus. The type specimen is the skeleton of an
individual about 4.2 metres long. It is thought that this specimen
was not mature and an adult may have been larger.
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