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Bactrosaurus  |
Bactrosaurus ("Bactrian lizard")
was a herbivorous dinosaur that lived in east Asia during the
late Cretaceous, 97 - 85 mya. A typical Bactrosaurus
would have been 6 metres (20 ft) long and 2 metres (6.6 ft) high
when standing on all fours, and weighed 1.1 to 1.5 tonnes (2,400
to 3,300 lb), with an 80 centimetres (2.6 ft) femur. The position
Bactrosaurus occupies in the Cretaceous makes it one
of the earliest known hadrosaurs, and although it is not known
from a full skeleton, Bactrosaurus is one of the best
known of these early hadrosaurs, making its discovery a significant
finding.
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Camptosaurus |
Camptosaurus ("Bent lizard")
is a genus of plant-eating, beaked dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic
and Early Cretaceous periods. The largest adult camptosaurs were
more than 7.9 metres (26 ft) long, and 2 metres (6.6 ft) at the
hips. They had heavy bodies but, as well as walking on four legs
(quadrupedal), they could rear up to walk on two legs (bipedal).
This genus is probably closely related to the ancestor of the
later iguanodontid and hadrosaurid dinosaurs. It probably ate
cycads with its parrot-like beak.
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Corythosaurus |
Corythosaurus ("Helmet lizard")
was a genus of duck-billed dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous
Period, about 75 million years ago. It lived in what is now North
America. Corythosaurus weighed in at 4 tonnes and measured
roughly 10 metres (35 ft) from nose to tail. Like other hadrosaurs
it had a toothless beak, the back of the jaws contained a dental
battery composed of hundreds of small, interlocking teeth. These
were used to crush and grind plant matter and were continually
replaced as they wore away.
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Dryosaurus |
Dryosaurus ("Oak lizard")
was a genus of an ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic
period. It was an iguanodont (formerly classified as a hypsilophodont).
Dryosaurus had a long neck, long, slender legs and a
long, stiff tail. Its 'arms', however, with five 'fingers' on
each 'hand', were short. It was about 8 to 14 feet (2.4 to 4.3
m) long, five feet (1.5 m) tall (at the hips) and weighed 170
to 200 pounds (77 to 91 kg). Its eyes were quite large, leading
many to believe that it possessed excellent eyesight. Dryosaurus
had a horny beak and cheek teeth and, like other ornithopods,
was a herbivore. Some scientists suggest that it had cheek-like
structures to prevent the loss of food while the animal processed
it in the mouth. It was probably a herd animal, which raised and
protected its young after hatching. A quick and agile runner with
strong legs, Dryosaurus used its stiff tail as a counter-balance.
It probably relied on its speed as a main defense against carnivorous
dinosaurs.
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Edmontosaurus  |
Edmontosaurus is a genus of crestless
duck-billed dinosaur. The fossils of this animal have been found
in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian
stage to the end of the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous
Period, between 73 and 65.5 million years ago. It was one of the
last non-avian dinosaurs, and lived alongside Triceratops
and Tyrannosaurus shortly before the Cretaceous–Tertiary
extinction event. Edmontosaurus was one of the largest
hadrosaurids, measuring up to 13 meters (43 ft) long and weighing
around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons). It is known from several
well-preserved specimens that include not only bones, but in some
cases extensive skin impressions and possible gut contents. It
is classified as a hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (those hadrosaurids
which lacked a hollow crest), and was closely related to Anatotitan,
if not the same animal.
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Heterodontosaurus |
Heterodontosaurus ("Different
toothed lizard") is a genus of small herbivorous dinosaur
with prominent canine teeth which lived in the Early Jurassic
of South Africa. It was similar to a hypsilophodont in shape,
and ate plants, despite its canines. Heterodontosaurus
was a small, fleetfooted ornithischian that reached a maximum
size of about 3 feet. It had a long, narrow pelvis and a pubis
which resembled those possessed by more advanced ornithischians.
More unusual was that the hand of Heterodontosaurus had
five fingers, two of which seem to be opposable. This configuration
allowed Heterodontosaurus to grasp and manipulate food.
The bone in the foot and ankle were fused in a manner reminiscent
of those in birds.
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Hypacrosaurus |
Hypacrosaurus ("Near the highest
lizard") was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance
to Corythosaurus. Like Corythosaurus, it had
a tall, hollow rounded crest, although not as large and straight.
It is known from the remains of two species that lived about 76
to 68 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada,
and Montana, USA, and is the latest hollow-crested duckbill known
from good remains in North America. Hypacrosaurus is
most easily distinguished from other hollow-crested duckbills
(lambeosaurines) by its tall neural spines and the form of its
crest. The neural spines, which project from the top of the vertebrae,
are 5 to 7 times the height of the body of their respective vertebrae
in the back, which would have given it a tall back in profile.
The skull's hollow crest is like that of Corythosaurus,
but is more pointed along its top, not as tall, wider side to
side, and has a small bony point at the rear. The animal is estimated
to have been around 9.1 meters long (30 feet), and to have weighed
up to 4.0 tonnes (4.4 tons).
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Hypsilophodon |
Hypsilophodon is an ornithopod dinosaur
genus from the Early Cretaceous period of Europe. It was a small
bipedal animal with an herbivorous or possibly omnivorous diet.
Abundant fossil remains found in England indicate that Hypsilophodon
reached about 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length and would have weighed
between 50 to 70 kilograms (110 to 150 lb). Like most small dinosaurs,
Hypsilophodon was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire
body was built for running; a light-weight, minimized skeleton,
low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance
all would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.
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Iguanodon |
Iguanodon is a genus of ornithopod
dinosaur that lived roughly halfway between the first of the swift
bipedal hypsilophodontids and the ornithopods' culmination in
the duck-billed dinosaurs. Many species of Iguanodon
have been named, dating from the Kimmeridgian age of the Late
Jurassic Period to the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period
from Asia, Europe, and North America. Iguanodon was a
bulky herbivore that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality.
The best-known species, I. bernissartensis (and there
may be only one), is estimated to have weighed about 3.08 tonnes
(3.5 tons) on average, and measured about 10 metres long (32.8
ft) as an adult, with some specimens possibly as a long as 13
metres (42.6 ft).
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Lambeosaurus |
Lambeosaurus ("Lambe's lizard")
is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived about 76 to 75 million
years ago, in the Late Cretaceous Period of North America. This
bipedal/quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaur is known for its distinctive
hollow cranial crest, which in the best-known species resembled
a hatchet. Several possible species have been named, from Alberta
(Canada), Montana (USA), and Baja California (Mexico), but only
the two Canadian species are currently well known. At about 15
meters (50 ft) long, the Mexican species L. laticaudus
was one of the longest ornithischians. The other species were
more modestly sized.
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Leaellynasaura  |
Leaellynasaura was a small herbivorous
ornithopod dinosaur of about 60-90 cm in length from the earliest
Cretaceous, first discovered in Dinosaur Cove, Australia. It was
an Australian polar dinosaur. At this period in time, Victoria
would have been well within the Antarctic Circle, which is now
very cold. This means that Leaellynasaura was living
and apparently thriving much further south than any reptile could
today. This is particularly relevant due to Cryolophosaurus
being discovered in Antarctica, thus further suggesting the idea
that dinosaurs could live under conditions which were once thought
unsuitable for their kind. It is possible that the sun would not
have risen for several weeks or months in the winter, depending
on latitude, which means that Leaellynasaura would have
had to live in the dark for perhaps months at a time. This is
particularly relevant to the fact that Leaellynosaura
had very big eyes and its brain had large optic lobes, as if it
had evolved to be routinely active in the dark. Regardless, the
fact that it lived in extremely cold temperatures led many scientists
to believe that Leaellynasaura was warm-blooded.
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Lesothosaurus |
Lesothosaurus was a 1 metre (3.3 ft)
long, bipedal plant-eater. Its long legs, small arms, and slender
tail all suggest that it was a fast runner; it would have resembled
a large lizard walking bipedally. The small skull of Lesothosaurus
was short and flat, with large eye sockets. It had large cavities
for the eye and jaw muscles. It had a short, pointed snout, and
the lower jaw may have ended in a beak. Its teeth were pointed
with grooved edges, and would have been ideal for chewing tough
plant matter. The skull was mounted on a short but flexible neck.
The hind limbs of Lesothosaurus were much longer than
the forelimbs, which were quite short with small, five-fingered
'hands'. The length of the rear legs indicates Lesothosaurus
was a fast, agile runner. The distinctive femur has a unique femoral
head not seen in other dinosaurs. Lesothosaurus lived
in the hot, arid conditions of Lesotho and South Africa, during
the Early Jurassic. Remains of Lesothosaurus have been
collected from the Upper Elliot Formation, dating it to the Early
Jurassic.
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Maiasaura |
Maiasaura ("Good mother lizard")
is a large duck-billed dinosaur genus that lived in the area currently
covered by the state of Montana in the Upper Cretaceous Period
(Campanian), about 74 million years ago. Maiasaura was
large, attaining an adult length of about 9 meters (30 feet) and
had the typical hadrosaurid flat beak and a thick nose. It had
a small, spiky crest in front of its eyes. The crest may have
been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding
season. This dinosaur was herbivorous. It walked both on two (bipedal)
or four (quadrupedal) legs and appeared to have no defense against
predators, except, perhaps, its heavy muscular tail and its herd
behaviour. These herds were extremely large and could have comprised
as many as 10,000 individuals.
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Muttaburrasaurus |
Muttaburrasaurus is a genus of herbivorous
ornithopod dinosaur related to Camptosaurus and Iguanodon, from
what is now northeastern Australia between 100 and 98 million
years ago during the early Cretaceous Period. After Minmi,
it is Australia's most completely known dinosaur from skeletal
remains. Muttaburrasaurus was capable of either bipedal
or quadrupedal movement. The three middle digits of the forelimb
were joined together into a hoof-like pad for walking on. Muttaburrasaurus
had very powerful jaws equipped with shearing teeth. These were
probably an adaptation for eating tough vegetation such as cycads.
It also had an enlarged, hollow, upward-bulging muzzle that might
have been used to produce distinctive calls or for display purposes.
However, as no fossilised nasal tissue has been found, this remains
conjectural. Muttaburrasaurus was about 7 to 9 meters
long and its mass was between 1 and 4 tons. It also had a spiked
thumb, which was about 15cm long.
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